hisatory of bonsai

The word bonsai literally translates into "tree in a pot or tray." The art of bonsai originated in China thousands of years ago, linked initially to Taoism and then to Buddhism. The Chinese containerized and dwarfed living trees within miniature landscapes and gardens. Bonsai art migrated to Japan via Korea with the Zen Buddhists and grew to be more and more popular, first among monks and aristocrats, and then on a broader scale. Now, bonsai trees are cultivated all over the world.

While bonsai artists favor certain tree species, more than 100 different trees, flowering plants, and shrubs can be trained into bonsai. Depending on the species, bonsai can be grown indoors or outdoors.

Some good outdoor bonsai species to start with include Japanese maple, elm, ginkgo, juniper, and boxwood.

Bonsai grown indoors require more attention and babying. Tropical and sub-tropical species such as Hawaiian umbrella tree, baby jade and brush cherry are good indoor trees to start with.

All bonsai trees need good morning light, a consistent level of humidity, and proper watering. Indoors trees often do well when placed near a sunny window, and a humidifier can help keep the air inside moist.

Overwatering is a common problem among beginning bonsai enthusiasts; whether indoors or outdoors, the soil in your bonsai's pot should be moist, never completely dry to the touch nor soggy and wet. And like any other plant, a bonsai tree needs to be fed with the right fertilizer. Check with a bonsai nursery or garden store to learn which fertilizer is right for your tree.

photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO₂, and H₂O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. 

Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO₂ in and O₂ out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs. 

As you hopefully recall, the parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids.

Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. 

Herbal Treatment

Despite significant performances in the erectile dysfunction (ED) pharmacological treatment, there is still a fast growing demand and interest for herbal treatments. This situation may be attributed to the fact that internet offers very easy and confidential purchase of nonprescription products. On the other hand, people are seduced by the lower costs of herbal treatments compared to some prescription drugs.

The problem is the efficacy and safety of these treatments is not established in a right way. Instead of accurate scientific data and information provided by medically trained personnel, most of websites show third party testimonials from people like "Paul G. from Texas".

You should know that most of the time you receive only half of the true, the positive one. The rest of true including side effects, contraindications and severe complications remains unexposed.

Let's see some examples.

tea benefits

Tea has been hugely popular in China for more than 1700 years. It is often referred to as a "wonder tonic" because the medical and restorative properties associated with drinking this tea, are astounding.

Medical research proves that there is a wide range of health benefits associated with drinking Tea but the three that top the chart are:

Taxonomy

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae)
Synonyms:
Artocarpus integer
Artocarpus integrifolius

Common Names:
Jackfruit
Jak-Fruit
Jak
Jaca

Classification:

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Kingdom: Plantae-Plants
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants
Superdivision: Spermatophyta-Seed plants
Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons
Subclass: Hamamelidae
Order: Urticales
Family: Moraceae - Mulberry family
Genus: Artocarpus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.
Species: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. - Jackfruit
Descriptio.

Jackfruit is a handsome tree that can grow up to 9-21 m (70 ft) tall, with evergreen, alternate, glossy and leathery leaves to 22.5 cm (9 in) in length.The tree is monoecious, meaning that male and female flowers appear on the same tree. Tiny male flowers are borne in oblong clusters, while the female flower clusters are rounded. The largest of all trees produces fruits that can reach 20-90 cm (3 ft) in length and weighing 4.5-20 or as much as 50 kg (110 lbs). All parts of the tree contain sticky, white latex.
The fruit has a unique compound structure. The exterior of the fruit is green or yellow when ripe and composed of numerous hard, cone-like points attached to a thick and rubbery, pale yellow or whitish wall. The interior consists of large fully developed "bulbs" (called perianths) of yellow, banana-flavored flesh, massed among narrow ribbons of thin, tough undeveloped perianths and a central, pithy core. Each bulb encloses a smooth, oval, light-brown "seed" covered with a thin white membrane. The seed is thick, white and crisp within. One single fruit can have from 100 to 500 seeds inside.
There is one other unique and peculiar aspect about the Jackfruit: when fully ripe, the unopened fruit emits a strong disagreeable odor, resembling that of decayed onions, while the pulp of the opened fruit smells of pineapple and banana.

the tallest tree

Description

Redwood is the tallest tree species in the world. In the best groves, they get over 300 ft (91.4 m) tall, with trunk diameters of 20 ft (6.1 m) or more. Many are more than 2000 years old. The largest trees have straight, slightly tapered trunks that are heavily buttressed at the base. The trunk may rise for more than 100 ft (30.5 m) before the first horizontal, slightly drooping, branches mark the bottom of a rounded crown. A grove of mature California redwoods is truly awesome. Younger trees are narrowly pyramidal and have branches all along the trunk. The bark is reddish-brown, thick and soft, with longitudinal fissures. Redwoods have two kinds of leaves: those on tip and flowering shoots are scale-like and overlapping, about 0.5 in (1.3 cm) long; those on other branches are linear, about 1 in (2.5 cm) long, slightly curved and standing out in two ranks on opposite sides of the twigs. The purplish-brown, egg-shaped cones are about an inch long and mature in one season, yet persist on the tree after the seeds are released. Redwood is one of very few conifers that will sprout from its roots and from cut stumps. Redwoods in cultivation outside their natural range rarely exceed 60 ft (18.3 m) in height.

Selections include 'Prostrata', a dwarf form that stays small with pruning; 'Adpressa' with broad, scale-like leaves that lie flat on the stem and are creamy white when young; 'Pendula' with drooping branches; 'Simpson's Silver' with silvery blue leaves; and 'Filoli' with very blue foliage.